Many of them have mixed Berber-Arab heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya-speaking and Zenaga-Berber speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. At times, a cool off-shore current can produce fog and heavy dew. One such artist is Mohamed Sayad, a Sahrawi artist that has been transforming the refugee camp landscape by creating works of art amongst the devastation in camps that have existed for four decades. By "eligible voter" the UN referred to any Sahrawi over 18 years of age that was part of the Spanish census or could prove their descent from someone who was. [104], In May 2006, the remaining company, Kerr-McGee, also left, following sales of numerous share holders like the National Norwegian Oil Fund, due to continued pressure from NGOs and corporate groups. [citation needed] During the annual celebration of Muhammad's birthday, these lords paid their respects to the caliph to show loyalty to the Moroccan monarchy. It became a protectorate of Spain in the 19th century and was later claimed by Morocco, Mauritania, and local inhabitants. Spanish decolonization proceeded more slowly, but internal political and social pressures for it in mainland Spain built up towards the end of Francisco Franco's rule. Depending on the century, Roman-era sources describe the area as inhabited by Gaetulian Autololes or the Gaetulian Daradae tribes. Local religious custom (Urf) is, like other Saharan groups, heavily influenced by pre-Islamic Berber and African practices, and differs substantially from urban practices. His father, Hassan II of Morocco, initially supported the referendum idea in principle in 1982, and signed contracts with Polisario and the UN in 1991 and 1997. There are also berms in the Moroccan-controlled zone, around Dakhla and stretching from Boujdour, including Smara on the Moroccan border. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. By 1974–75 the government issued promises of a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. The Spanish press was accused of mounting a campaign of disinformation to support the Sahrawi initiative, and all foreign reporters were either prevented from traveling or else expelled from the area. [35], In October 2010 Gadaym Izik camp was set up near Laayoune as a protest by displaced Sahrawi people about their living conditions. Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. [125] However Sahrawi poets find it difficult to be published, especially by Arabic publishers, due to the political nature of much of their output. The Morocco-controlled parts of Western Sahara are divided into several provinces that are treated as integral parts of the kingdom. [4] It is the most populous territory on that list, and by far the largest in area. Instead, he proposes, through an appointed advisory body Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), a self-governing Western Sahara as an autonomous community within Morocco. Europe comprises the westernmost peninsulas of the continental landmass of Eurasia, and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. Among the responsibilities women had were setting up, repairing, and moving the tents of the camp, and participating in major tribal decisions. Population: Overall total population (both sexes and all ages) in the country as of July 1 of the year indicated, as estimated by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. [38], In 2016, the European Union (EU) declared that "Western Sahara is not part of Moroccan territory. [citation needed]. The region may be divided into several broad physiographic regions. West Asia occasionally overlaps with the geographical area of the Middle East. [92] A concentration of forces for the commemoration of the Saharawi Republic's 30th anniversary[93] were subject to condemnation by the United Nations,[94] as it was considered an example of a cease-fire violation to bring such a large force concentration into the area. In 1984, the African Union's predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity, recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as one of its full members, with the same status as Morocco, and Morocco protested by suspending its membership to the OAU. Mines were laid in zigzags up to one meter apart, and in some parts of the berms, there are three rows of mines. Other indicators visualized on maps: (In English only, for now) Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) The Polisario has its home base in the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, and declares the number of Sahrawi population in the camps to be approximately 155,000. Other indicators visualized on maps: (In English only, for now) Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) Traditionally, women have played pivotal roles in Sahrawi culture, as well as in efforts to resist colonialism and foreign interference in their territory. [113] These types of exchange programs that successfully create cross-border and cross-cultural relationships reinforce the usage of the Spanish language throughout subsequent generations of Sahrawi children. [36], On 15 November 2010, the Moroccan government accused the Algerian secret services of orchestrating and financing the Gadaym Izik camp with the intent to destabilize the region. The major ethnic group of Western Sahara are the Sahrawis, a nomadic or Bedouin ethnic group speaking the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic, also spoken in much of Mauritania. Clashes have broken out in Western Sahara, ending a 30-year ceasefire between Morocco and the pro-independence Polisario Front. [121] One such artist was Spanish street artist MESA, who travelled to the Sahrawi refugee camps in 2011 and displayed his own graffiti throughout the landscape. Every person present in the territory would be allowed to vote, regardless of birthplace and with no regard to the Spanish census. The Polisario Front claims to run this as the Free Zone on behalf of the SADR. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north. Sayad's graffiti depicts aspects of Sahrawi culture and includes actual Sahrawi people as his subjects. [37] The protest coincided with a fresh round of negotiations at the UN. 'Western Sahara', 266", "Explosive Ordnance Disposal and technical survey in Polisario-controlled areas of Western Sahara,", "Western Sahara under Polisario Control: Summary Report of Field Mission to the Sahrawi Refugee Camps (near Tindouf, Algeria)", "MINURSO complaint to the UN Security Council (Spanish)", "Secretary General's report to Security Council on Western Sahara, 19 April 2006 (pdf file)", "Western Sahara: Economic Considerations", "Western Sahara: Preparing the GOM For Autonomy and Negotiations with the Polisario", "Rep. Pitts lauds protection of Sahrawis in Morocco trade pact", "Western Sahara excluded from EFTA-Morocco free trade agreement", "Western Sahara "not part of EFTA-Morocco free trade, "Upstream Online: Total turns its back on Dakhla block, 2004", "Last oil company withdraws from Western Sahara", "Korsvold og SeaBird-sjefen fikk protestbrev fra det okkuperte Vest-Sahara", "European Parliament's lawyers declare EU fishing illegal", "In remote Western Sahara, prized phosphate drives controversial investments", "L'Actuel Maroc, no. As a consequence, Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri, the Chief of Cabinet, General Secretary of the Government of Spanish Morocco, cooperated with the Spanish to select governors in that area. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other places of exile. The population is estimated at just over 500,000,[3] of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara. Three Moroccan regions are within or partly within Western Sahara: Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm (border wall) while the Sahrawi Republic controls territory to the east (see map on right). Median Age: age that divides the population into two numerically equal groups: half of the people are older than the median age indicated and half are younger. [86] When Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control over the whole territory. This area has a sparse population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 in 2008. Country's Share of World Pop: Total population in the country as a percentage of total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated. For forecasted years, the U.N. medium-fertility variant is used. [103], In 2002, Hans Corell, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations and head of its Office of Legal Affairs, issued a legal opinion on the matter. Baker resigned his post at the United Nations in 2004; his term did not see the crisis resolved. The Moroccan and Mauritanian annexations were resisted by the Polisario Front, which had gained backing from Algeria. Western Sahara, territory occupying an extensive desert Atlantic-coastal area of northwest Africa. the Spanish census). Algeria's population consists of 99% Arab Berbers. Meanwhile, Polisario still insisted on a referendum with independence as a clear option, without offering a solution to the problem of who is qualified to be registered to participate in it. [6] A war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi nationalist movement, the Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) with a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria. It was rejected by both sides, although it was initially derived from a Moroccan proposal. In 2003, a new version of the plan was made official, with some additions spelling out the powers of the WSA, making it less reliant on Moroccan devolution. Difference Between Western Asia and the Middle East . [118], FiSahara International Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in one of the southwestern refugee camps in Algeria. This parameter provides an indication of age distribution. [98] Most food for the urban population comes from Morocco. For example, Sahrawi Islam has traditionally functioned without mosques, in an adaptation to nomadic life. During the joint Moroccan–Mauritanian control of the area, the Mauritanian-controlled part, roughly corresponding to Saquia el-Hamra, was known as Tiris al-Gharbiyya. Urban Pop % : Urban population as a percentage of total population. The original clan-/tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975 when the war forced part of the population to settle in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where they remain. The UN should fill its empty special envoy post, while the U.S. leads international efforts to restart diplomacy. The Saharan lords who were already in prominent positions, such as the members of Maa El Ainain family, provided a recommended list of candidates for new governors. A 1974 Spanish census claimed there were some 74,000 Sahrawis in the area at the time (in addition to approximately 20,000 Spanish residents), but this number is likely to be on the low side, due to the difficulty in counting a nomad people, even if Sahrawis were by the mid-1970s mostly urbanized. International press and other media coverage have been sparse, and reporting is complicated by the Moroccan government's policy of strictly controlling independent media coverage within the territory. Western Sahara is a sparsely-populated area of mostly desert situated on the northwest coast of Africa. Algeria, which also bordered the territory, viewed their demands with suspicion, as Morocco also claimed the Algerian provinces of Tindouf and Béchar. 2019. 33 Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from this list. In 2011, leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the territory is somewhat of an economic burden for Morocco;[98] the Moroccan US$800 million subsidy program to Western Sahara was said to be one of the larger per-capita aid programs in history. [107], Similarly, the exploitation of phosphate mines in Bou Craa has led to charges of international law violations and divestment from several European states.[108]. [124] Traditionally, Sahrawi poetry was performed and passed on orally: younger poets would undergo 'apprenticeships to more experienced ones, today the internet is a key way in which Sahrawi poetry is transmitted between and within generations. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the Beni Hassan, an Arab tribe that migrated across the desert in the 11th century. [5] One year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. [103] The opinion was rendered following an analysis of relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the case law of the International Court of Justice and the practice of sovereign states. [87][90] The total size of the Polisario's guerrilla army present in this area is unknown, but it is believed to number a few thousand men, despite many combatants being demobilized due to the cease-fire. Year: as of July 1 of the year indicated. Moroccan officials said five security personnel had been killed in the unrest. US and French companies (notably Total and Kerr-McGee) began prospecting on behalf of the Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolières (ONAREP). Intended for a general audience, books in the series present a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of select countries throughout the world. 15 DT-2004. This second draft, commonly known as Baker II, was accepted by the Polisario as a "basis of negotiations" to the surprise of many. In 1997, the Houston Agreement attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum but likewise has hitherto not had success. State religion is Islam. It aims to raise awareness of the humanitarian crises in the refugee camps, and expose the Sahrawi people to this medium of art and expression.[120]. Global Rank: Position held by Western Sahara in the list of all countries worldwide ranked by population (from the highest population to the lowest population) as of July 1 of the year indicated. [99] The cable concluded that the territory is unlikely ever to be of any economic benefit for Morocco, even if offshore oil fields were to be discovered and exploited. Over roughly five centuries, through a complex process of acculturation and mixing seen elsewhere in the Maghreb and North Africa, some of the indigenous Berber tribes mixed with the Maqil Arab tribes and formed a culture unique to Morocco and Mauritania. Sometimes children return to the same Spanish household year after year while they are still eligible, and forge strong relationships with their host families. [citation needed], While initial Spanish interest in the Sahara was focused on using it as a port for the slave trade, by the 1700s Spain had transitioned economic activity on the Saharan coast towards commercial fishing. Landmine Action UK undertook preliminary survey work by visiting the Polisario-controlled area of Western Sahara in October 2005 and February–March 2006. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution. Efforts by the UN special envoys to find a common ground for both parties did not succeed. The indigenous population of Western Sahara is usually known in Western media as Sahrawis, but they are also referred to in Morocco as "Southerners" or "Southern Berbers". The native population—which numbers around 570,000—are known as Sahrawis and the majority religion is Islam. For all other years: latest year annual percentage change equivalent assuming homogeneous change in the preceding five year period, calculated through reverse compounding. As of January 2007, the plan had not been made public, though the Moroccan government claimed that it was more or less complete.[34]. The territory remained disputed between Morocco and local forces well into the … [10] Internationally, countries such as Russia have taken a generally ambiguous and neutral position on each side's claims, and have pressed both parties to agree on a peaceful resolution. Who is fighting over Western Sahara? As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding about 160,000 Moroccan military personnel) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. ", Mohamed Elyazghi au Matin du Sahara: Solution politique au Sahara et refondation de nos relations avec Alger, "Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights", "Western Sahara – Sahara Occidental – Akhbar Es-Sahra 2", Morocco's Memorandum to UN unveils Algiers' responsibility in Sahara conflict, political parties, "Morocco/Western Sahara: Broken Promises: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and its Follow-up", "Morocco/Western Sahara: No more half measures: Addressing enforced disappearances in Morocco and Western Sahara", "Morocco/ Western Sahara: Further Information on UA 16/08 – Fear of unfair imprisonment/ Prisoners of conscience/ Health concern", "Morocco/ Western Sahara: Three years' imprisonment for putting a profile of Prince Moulay Rachid on Facebook", "Morocco/Western Sahara: New arrests and allegations of torture of Sahrawi human rights defenders", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Justice must begin with torture inquiries", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture of detainees must end", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture in the "anti-terrorism" campaign – the case of Témara detention centre", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Briefing to the Committee against torture (November 2003)", "Morocco/Western Sahara: reports of secret detention and torture on the rise", "Morocco and Western Sahara Human Rights", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Activists Need Fair Trial", "Western Sahara: Keeping It Secret – The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara", "Swedish photographer expelled from Western Sahara a day after his arrest", "Journalist assaulted in the name of Moroccan control of Western Sahara", "Journalists working in Western Sahara face assaults, arrests and harassment", "Western Sahara, government corruption and palace life are all off-limits for the press", "Two Norwegian journalists threatened with expulsion", "Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list", "Appeal court upholds exorbitant damages award against Journal Hebdomadaire", "Report of the OHCHR to Western Sahara & the refugee camps in Tindouf 2006", "Human rights in Morocco & Western Sahara", "Morocco: Protect And Preserve Mass Grave Sites", "Western Sahara: UPDATE – Human rights defenders on hunger strike in protest at continued arbitrary detention", "Western Sahara: Severe beating of human rights defender, Mr Mohammed al-Tahleel by security forces", "Western Sahara: Torture and solitary confinement of human rights defender Mr Yahya Mohamed el Hafed Aaza", "Western Sahara: Systematic repression of human rights defenders", "Sahara occidental : Arrestation de M. Duihi Hassan - MAR 001 / 0210 / OBS 024", "Harcèlement à l'encontre de Mme Elghalia Dijim et M. Duihi Hassan - MAR 003 / 1109 / OBS 166", "Détentions arbitraires – Poursuites judiciaires – Mauvais traitements", "Nouvelle condamnation d'un militant sahraoui", "Après l'interdiction de trois hebdomadaires au Maroc, RSF et la FIDH dénoncent une décision inique et inacceptable", "EU ignores violations of human rights in Morocco", "Occupied Country, Displaced People [Updated]", "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)", "The Polisario Front and the IRA – Two approaches to the process of negotiation", a Brussels-based commercial firm in the domain of counselling, Western Sahara and the United States' geographical imaginings, "Quatrème Commission: Le Maroc rest attaché au plan de règlement et a la tenue d'un référendum transparent au Sahara Occidental", "Report: Clan wars and unavoidable scission in Tindouf, defectors", "CIA: The World Factbook: 2006.
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