[2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Vertrag von Lissabon. It includes all European states except for Belarus and Vatican City. [161] The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, the Great Famine of Ireland, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people. Membership in the Eurozone would no longer be perceived as irrevocable. The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan. [49] The earliest sites in Europe dated 48,000 years ago are It Has No Right to Lecture Greece, "Germany and the crisis of the periphery", "Germany has profited 100billion euros by the Greek economic crisis", "Time for Flush Germany to Put Europe First", "The EU's Dirty Secret: Germany Is The Biggest Welfare Recipient There Is", "The Euro Payoff: Germany's Economic Advantages from a Large and Diverse Euro Area", "Germany Profiteering from Euro Crisis Through Low Interest Rates", "Analysis: What taxpayer bailouts? Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni River on the territory of Georgia) in the Caucasus, a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BC. [132] Religious fighting and warfare spread with Protestantism. Europe had a total population of about 741 million (about 11% of the world population) as of 2018[update]. The Church in fact built Western civilization. The Berlin blockade in 1948 and 1949 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 were one of the great international crises of the Cold War. At the same time decolonisation, which had already started after World War I, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa. According to the current convention, Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents. In 1949, the Council of Europe was founded with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals and prevent future wars. Chinese, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲/欧洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲) (zhōu means "continent"); a similar Chinese-derived term Ōshū (欧州) is also sometimes used in Japanese such as in the Japanese name of the European Union, Ōshū Rengō (欧州連合), despite the katakana Yōroppa (ヨーロッパ) being more commonly used. Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mingrelian, and Svan) are spoken primarily in Georgia. Australia and New Zealand have large European derived populations. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. [25] It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romana, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and political stability in most of Europe. [154] The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania, as a nation-state, from smaller principalities. Romance languages are spoken primarily in Western and Southern Europe, as well as in Switzerland in Central Europe and Romania and Moldova in Eastern Europe. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via Greenland, leading to interchange of animal species. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. [16][17][18] Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. [75] Between 711 and 720, most of the lands of the Visigothic Kingdom of Iberia was brought under Muslim rule — save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. [23], Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[24] Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; May 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? ), Dublin:Four Courts Press. [25], Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence Iceland is considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to North America, although politically belonging to Denmark. "The Muslims in Europe". [287], This article is about the continent. The question of defining a precise eastern boundary of Europe arises in the Early Modern period, as the eastern extension of Muscovy began to include North Asia. [16] An alternative view is that of R.S.P. December 2018; Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010. [282][283] In 2012 Europe had the world's largest Christian population.[8]. Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia, and brought the Christian church under state control.[73]. This description is simplified. Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the Baltic group (Latvian and Lithuanian), the Celtic group (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton[217]), Greek, Armenian, and Albanian. To the East, the Kievan Rus expanded from its capital in Kyiv to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. By August, Germany began a bombing offensive on Britain, but failed to convince the Britons to give up. Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. In some Turkic languages, the originally Persian name Frangistan ("land of the Franks") is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilisation, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. Previously, these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans. This includes Åland (a region of Finland), two constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark (other than Denmark itself), three Crown dependencies, and two British Overseas Territories. Among Protestants, the most popular are historically state-supported European denominations such as Lutheranism, Anglicanism and the Reformed faith. [220] It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Mai 1949 durch den Vertrag von London gegründete europäische internationale Organisation.Dem Europarat gehören heute 47 Staaten mit 820 Millionen Bürgern an. Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ. Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year of Aveiro is 16 °C (61 °F), while it is only 13 °C (55 °F) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude, bordering the same ocean. The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean. Beekes has located toponyms related to that of Europa in the territory of ancient Greece and localities like that of Europos in ancient Macedonia. [35] The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance: Europa often[dubious – discuss] figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, Alcuin.[36]. [113] During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Î.Î", "Î ÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎΠΦÎΡÎÎÎÎÎÎΣ ÎÎΣÎÎÎÎÎΤÎΣ", "In European crisis, Iceland emerges as an island of recovery", "Iceland starts to recover its voice after financial crisis", "Economic Crisis: The Global Impact of a Greek Default", "Wells Fargo Economics-Greece on the Brink", "Verbatim of the remarks made by Mario Draghi", "Thomas Piketty: 'Germany Has Never Repaid its Debts. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. 2003. Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. Thomas E. Woods and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, DC: Regnery History, single federation encompassing much of the continent, Boundaries between the continents of Earth, states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia, England tried unsuccessfully to invade Spain, German-speakers from all over Eastern Europe, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, Area and population of European countries, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal), List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP), Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, List of sovereign states by date of formation, Names of European cities in different languages, List of European cities by population within city limits, Largest urban areas of the European Union, Financial and social rankings of European countries, List of European countries by GDP (nominal), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "The European union—a federation or a confederation? In 988, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state. None of them is located at high altitude; most of them are close to the sea. The United States and Western Europe [196][197][198], The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. None of them are members of the UN: Several dependencies and similar territories with broad autonomy are also found within or in close proximity to Europe. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps/Carpathians. [258] In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people. With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks. With the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1991, the post-socialist states began free market reforms. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies[226] are constitutional. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. Geopolitical shifts, such as closer relations between Greece and Russia, as the crisis soured relations with Europe. Probably 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce–pine–birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. [107][108] Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines,[109] and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period. [231], The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted. Berlin finally fell in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [171] In 1932–1933, under Stalin's leadership, confiscations of grain by the Soviet authorities contributed to the second Soviet famine which caused millions of deaths;[172] surviving kulaks were persecuted and many sent to Gulags to do forced labour. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. The climate is more oceanic in the west, and less so in the east. The richer states tend to be in the West; some of the Central and Eastern European economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. 2009. 19 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. In 2017, the population of Europe was estimated to be 742 million according to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3], which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries. Die Einfuhren stammen zu 76 % aus EU-Mitgliedstaaten (Spanien 31 %, Deutschland 14 % und Frankreich 8 %). Statistics Explained, your guide to European statistics. The EU established a parliament, court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. [192] By the end of World War II, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. [262], Early modern emigration from Europe began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century,[263][264] and French and English settlers in the 17th century. The geographic border between Europe and Asia does not follow any state boundaries and now only follows a few bodies of water. Statistics Explained is an official Eurostat website presenting statistical topics in an easily understandable way. [185] In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain. After East and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany. This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (6), Russia (7), the United Kingdom (10), France (11), and Italy (13).[232]. Albanese Ginammi Alessandro, Conte Giampaolo, Greek Bailouts in Historical Perspective: Comparative Case Studies, 1893 and 2010|The Journal of European Economic History, 2 2016, This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 22:44. The powerful West Slavic state of Great Moravia spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans, reaching its largest territorial extent under Svatopluk I and causing a series of armed conflicts with East Francia. Euro crisis saves Germany money", "Eurozone crisis saves Germany tens of billions", "Double-dip recession: There's always fantasy island", "Germany Was Biggest Debt Transgressor of 20th Century", "The Danger Debt Poses to the Western World", "European economic forecast â autumn 2014", "Germany balances budget for first time since 1969", "Despite Progress, Euro Crisis Is Far From Over", "German 'hypocrisy' over Greek military spending has critics up in arms", "There's No Getting Around It, Germany Is Taking Over Europe", "German wages to rise but restraint still rules", "Germany launches strategy to counter ECB largesse", "European Economics: Welcome higher German wages", "Recommendation for a Council Recommendation on the implementation of the broad guidelines for the economic policies of the Member States whose currency is the euro", "Germany 'pivotal' to rebalancing eurozone", "US to chide Germany on eurozone growth at G7 meeting", "G7 reaffirms commitment not to depreciate currencies for domestic gain", "Italian showdown with Germany as Enrico Letta rejects 'death by austerity, "Incoherent EU economic policy won't deliver a swift recovery", "Why Germany Will Pay Up to Save the Euro", "Deficits: good marketing in a time of austerity? This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. [59] The Greek city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. Christian Jennings "Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War", (2017), pp 244. [156] Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. [141] Further east, the Nogai Horde and Kazakh Khanate frequently raided the Slavic-speaking areas of contemporary Russia and Ukraine for hundreds of years, until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia (i.e. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. [72], While the Roman empire in the west continued to decline, Roman traditions and the Roman state remained strong in the predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Different cultural events are organised in Europe, with the aim of bringing different cultures closer together and raising awareness of their importance, such as the European Capital of Culture, the European Region of Gastronomy, the European Youth Capital and the European Capital of Sport. But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east–west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. [102] The invaders, who became known as Tatars, were mostly Turkic-speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty. [42] In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then the Emba River; and Kuma–Manych Depression,[43] thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the east and northeast are usually taken to be the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea; to the southeast, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. Climate tables of the articles, where the precise sources can be found, Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off in Hellenic Shipping News, 4. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent, the Great Powers struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. [271], "Europe" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire and its cultures. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the broadleaf and mixed forests, taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. [253] Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to fertility rates. GDP per capita fell from a peak of â¬22,500 in 2007 to â¬17,000 in 2014, a 24% decline. In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian empire was formed; and 1871 saw the unifications of both Italy and Germany as nation-states from smaller principalities.[155]. Padraic Kenney "A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989" (2002) pp 109. However the Europe-Asia part of the border is somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent with this definition because of its partial adherence to the Ural and Caucasus Mountains rather than a series of partly joined waterways suggested by cartographer Herman Moll in 1715. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler in power of what became Nazi Germany.[180][181]. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Soon after, the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. [15] The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492, and Vasco da Gama opened the ocean route to the East linking the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1498. More recently, the Eurasian Economic Union has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. [136], The 17th century in central and parts of eastern Europe was a period of general decline;[137] the region experienced more than 150 famines in a 200-year period between 1501 and 1700. [142] Among the great figures of the Western scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Isaac Newton. Tax revenues for 2014 were â¬86 billion (about 48% GDP), while expenditures were â¬89.5 billion (about 50% GDP). [252] The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. Meanwhile, the Serbian revolution (1804) and Greek War of Independence (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, which ended with the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913. From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the disintegrating khanates of the Golden Horde were conquered by Russia, Tatars from the Crimean Khanate frequently raided Eastern Slavic lands to capture slaves. According to UN population projection, Europe's population may fall to about 7% of world population by 2050, or 653 million people (medium variant, 556 to 777 million in low and high variants, respectively). The country with the smallest percentage of forested area is Iceland (1%), while the most forested country is Finland (77%).[221]. [214], In general, Europe is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia). ... EU-Länder, in denen der Euro verwendet wird. [229] In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence. The state was consolidated under Ivan III the Great and Ivan the Terrible, steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries. Other religions, including Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism are minority religions (though Tibetan Buddhism is the majority religion of Russia's Republic of Kalmykia). [66] The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes. (2017), p 59; Jacob Franks "The Blu Banana - the True Heart of Europe" In: Big Think Edge, 31.12.2014; Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa in: Die Zeit 8. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later, Finland. Its $37.1 trillion in assets under management represented one-third of the world's wealth. Europe makes up the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. [59] By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered Italy, and over the following two centuries it conquered Greece and Hispania (Spain and Portugal), the North African coast, much of the Middle East, Gaul (France and Belgium), and Britannia (England and Wales). The annual budget deficit (expenses over revenues) was 3.4% GDP in 2014, much improved versus the 15% of 2009. [163] Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) In: Die Presse 16 August 2018. All have over 10 million residents,[269] and as such have been described as megacities. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. Later that year, following the Munich Agreement signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, Germany annexed the Sudetenland, which was a part of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans, and in early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, controlled by Germany, and the Slovak Republic. [266], Today, large populations of European descent are found on every continent. The large water masses of the Mediterranean Sea, which equalize the temperatures on an annual and daily average, are also of particular importance. [257], Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people, the IOM's report said. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. [57] Iron Age colonisation by the Greeks and Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities. Svalbard is also included due to its unique status within Norway, although it is not autonomous. It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain. The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with 60 million dead across the world. The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 76–77. [101] Like many other parts of Eurasia, these territories were overrun by the Mongols. Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe's Bern Convention, which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states. [29] Europe's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer Strabo at the River Don. It comprises the westernmost peninsulas of the continental landmass of Eurasia,[10] and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Society for Nautical Research., 1990. Christianity became the sole official religion of the empire in 380 CE, and in 391–392 CE, the emperor Theodosius outlawed pagan religions. 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